(A)Sir Francis Drake shown with the machine used to discover Neon.
Ne4
Neon, atomic symbol N, was "discovered" in 1865 by Sir Francis Drake. It has atomic number 4, and has two stable isotopes. It was named Neon after the Greek god Neosign. It is a noble gas, and forms the largest known stable molecules. It is used in neon lamps, where it emits light due to the rapid nuclear conversion to Flourine through electon capture. It is very soluble in water, and is known to be highly toxic. It is a relatively abundant element, being slightly more common than silicon, but not as common as aluminum. This summary contains at least one error, and perhaps many more. Thanks to Jeff Janes! Life is complex. It has real and imaginary components.
Indexed Page
Hellium is constantly being added to our atmosphere. It's molecules are small enough to leave and go into space. Very little Helium is more than a few hundred years old.
Lindsay re-prints classic books and offers some excellent values . They offer some books until the supply is exhausted and that is it! So if this sort of thing interests you get on their list and JUMP on the ones you want. The hard cover's go the fastest it seems. A* means Lindsay has had this book for sale at one time and may still have it.
Phosphor coated neon tubing used to come with a cork in each end to protect the tube. Now you have to buy corks, however a pound of one size is usually a 2 lifetime supply .Still you should conserve them, they do not grow on trees.
CORK SIZES
O.K. -273.16 CThe temperature -273 C,
ACETONE
(CH COCH )
A colorless, flammable liquid miscable with water and alcohols. Classic solvent for celluloid. Acetone is good for degreasing metal and glass parts before assembly into objects to be sealed under vacuum. A good leak detector, a little on a cotton swab will alter a vaccum gauge reading if it enters a leak.
A temperature of -75 C or lower can be obtained by mixing dry ice with acetone. Acetone can absorb many times it's volume of acetelene, the common container for acetelene is a porous chamber saturated with acetone. This is why acetelene tanks should not be used on their side, because some of the liquid acetone might flow out! (I knew she was a welder's daughter because she had a set'a-lean legs!
)
A condition in which one material is impenetrated into the surface of another. Adsorbed gasses will come out over time and spoil the longivity of a device that requires purity.
Glass can adsorb water and gasses into its surface in such a way that special processing is needed to release them to a practical degree.
outside of L.A
.0002
(This is NOT a planet)
.0001
All Xenon has been in the atmosphere since the planet was formed.
Standard or normal atmosphere= atmospheric pressure at sea level =1 atm = 760 mm Hg (Millimeters of Mercury).
1 mm of Hg =1 Torr (very nearly)
***It is important to note that 1 atmosphere =14.7 Pounds per square inch (P.S. I.)
which is about ONE TON per square foot. An important thing to remember when designing glassware or vacuum containers.******
Chart goes here see page 6 GUTHRIE VACUUM TECHNOLOGY WYLEY & SONS 1963
A series of oils and greases sold by the James G Biddle Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Apiezon
Grease N is an excellent stopcock grease for glass. Apiezon Q is a wax good for
making temporary low temperature repairs in manifolds or things that are not being
baked. This looks like Licorice but does NOT taste like it.
Archimedes in allusion to the tremendous power of the lever, asserted that."Give me
a fulcrum and I could move the world.hMuch easier said than done.
Had he been allowed such a chance, the fulcrum being nine thousand leagues from the center of the earth , had he weighed 200 pounds He would have required a lever 12 quadrillions of miles long and the power would have needed to move at the rate of a cannon ball to lift the earth one inch in 27 trillion years.
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Argon The Hidden
discovered 1890 by Ramsay and Rayleigh. Helpful in the discovery
was the new Spectroscope which refracted the light into fingerprints
of spectrum
colors. 1% of our atmosphere is Argon {Ar}
Heat resisting mineral fiber used as an insulation and in lawsuits. Two natural forms,
Hornblende 1150 C and Serpentine 1550 C. Melting. Transite is Asbestos + Portland
cement. Used as table tops and kiln sides etc.
Soon to be an archaic form of insulation whether really deservedly or not.
Invented Bakelite 1880's The plastic in old electrical devices.
Ben Franklin was the father of a great many things. (More here)
About 1752 Ben franklin proved the identity of lightning and frictional electricity
by means of a kite of a silk handkerchief and with a pointed wire at the top. He
elevated this during a thunderstorm tying at the end of the hemp string a key, and
then insulating the whole by fastening it to a post with a long piece of silk lace. On presenting
his knuckles to the key, he obtained a spark. He afterward charged a Leyden jar,
and performed other electrical experiments in this way. These experiments were very dangerous.A Professor Richman, of St. Petersburg, drew in this manner from the clouds,
a ball of blue fire as large as a man's fist which struck him lifeless.
DR. Science Big book
* Contemporary books Chicago .
Cyclopædic Science Simplified*Pepper Lippencott Philadelphia 1880?
Ionized Gases
A. von Engel Oxford press 1955
The Noble Gases
* Issaac Asimov- Basic books New York
Neon Signs
Samuel C. Miller and Donald G. Fink McGraw Hill 1935 {Available Through Lindsay Publications}(This is the old original book, still one of the best. I have guarded my copy for years not loaning it to Anyone.
Later editions left some of this version out and added more.
Practical Vacuum Systems
- Rolland Rutledge Lapelle McGraw Hill 1971
Lindsay Publications Inc.
P.O. Box 583 Manteno Il.
60950-0583
Popular Physics
J. Dorman Steele, Phd, American Book co. New York 1892
GUTHRIE VACUUM TECHNOLOGY
WYLEY & SONS 1963
ELECTRONICS FOR EVERYONE
by Munroe Upton A charming book well written, unassuming, and out of print. A
prize if you can find it.
THE CONTINUOUS WAVE
Technology and American Radio. 1900 1932 by Hugh G. J. Aitken (My copy came from
Tesla Memorial Society 453 Martin Road. Lakawanna, N.Y.14218)
PRODIGAL GENIUS
The life of Nikola Tesla by John O'Neill
Angriff Press P.O. Box 2726 Hollywood Ca. 90028 (This is my favorite Tesla
book! The first encounter with Tesla for myself and many others was this neat book. )
ELECTRICAL ESSENTIALS OF RADIO
Slurtzberg & Osterheld Authors McGraw-Hill Publisher (A classic available in used
book stores and an excellent book for state of the art till 1944, (the math is
still good.)
SYNTONY AND SPARK: THE ORIGINS OF RADIO
by Hugh G. J. Aitken. 1975 Princeton, 1985 The Continuous Wave follows this book
for a continuous history of radio from the beginning to 1932.
INDUSTRIAL RADIOLOGY AND RELATED PHENOMENA
by H. M. Muncheryan Pub. by Aircraft X ray Laboratories Huntington Park, Ca.
THE CATHODE RAY TUBE AT WORK
by John F. Rider and Publisher. New York. Good basic book is very understandable.
Radon 211.3 K Xenon 165.1
Krypton 119.8
Argon 87.3
Neon 27.1
Helium 4.2 272.8 C .4 ABSOLUTE
This is the lowest temperature of any element or compound. On a planet with a temperature
of Absolute Zero all elements except Helium would be solid.
The cathode ray tube is essentially a vacuum tube in which the electrons emitted from
a cathode are concentrated into a beam, which is placed under the influence of an
electric or magnetic feilds.
A combination of these fields can cause the beam to occur anywhere on a screen which
is covered with a phosphor, the first were Willimite with its characteristic green.
The Oscilloscope was the primary application of the Cathode ray tube before television. I have seen things on an Oscilloscope that are far more exciting than most of
the programming on television. Crookes made tubes that demonstrated all the phenomenon
that went into the first Cathode ray tubes. Oscillographs are fun and older ones
are very cheap, it is a good gateway into the world of electricity. Don't be fooled,
you can do many neat things with a cheap oscilloscope.
((Pictures))
First to identify hydrogen and to demonstrate that water is composed of Hydrogen and
Oxygen.
Litharge and glycerin cement. This is a cement used for the bases of vacuum tubes
and electrode caps. A classic cement.
Litharge (Lead monoxide PbO) 260 gm
Glycerin Solution (Glycerin 2 parts water 1 part) 100 ml.
Heat the dry litharge powder at 400 C When cool, place in a mortar and add the diluted
glycerin slowly while grinding. Heat will be evolved and the mixture will begin
to set. While it is still soft, pour or place with spatula into position. The cement
will be hard in 24 hours. Ith is good to 260 C and is strong. Not Vacuum tight.
Plate caps on vacuum tubes are a common use.
Truly the father of the neon sign. Patented nearly all combinations of electrodes
and sign materials. A true capitalist.
C 1 Glass Cleaning Solution chromic/Sulfuric [classic]
1 CrO3 (Chromic acid or chromium trioxide) saturated solution in:
2Hot H2so4 Concentrated 1.84 Specific Gravity.
a. For use, cover the parts with the supernatant only no crystals.
b. Heat on a hot plate to 80 90) C; remove from that and allow to cool for 5 minutes.
c. Pour off the acid and rinse in hot running water for 10 minutes.
d. Rinse in 5 changes of deionized water for 5 minutes.
e. Boil in fresh deionized water for 5 minutes.
f. Drain and dry parts in hot air oven at 80 C
A Proprietary ready mixed chromic sulfuric cleaning solution can be obtained from
most chemistry supply houses. Chromerge is one name
(This as a heavy duty and obnoxious cleaner I would recommend it as a last resort,
try C 1 First. This is the classic though.
**NEVER POUR WATER INTO CONCENTRATED ACID!!!G 1 Glass-cleaning Solution
HF Hno3
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) .........4 vol. Concentrated
HNO3...............................................33Vol Concentrated
Water .............................................60 Vol.
Dreft (or any suitable detergent without filler) 2 vol.
Use solution at room temperature. Some workers have found this solution to be more
effective in removing grease and carbonaceous matter than the conventional chromic-sulfuric
cleaning fluid (C-1)
New Glass and Mica Cleaner G1-A
1. Boil in 5% (of 30%) H2O2 Add sufficient nh4oh to give a pH of 11.0
2. Rinse thououghly in flowing deionized water
3. Dry in clean atmosphere.
This will not etch the glass. If metal is present you might add up to 75% Formic
acid to sol g-1A.
(This is the safest Cleaner to make and use)
COPPER
{Cu}
Melts about 1084 C
Copper is combined with alloys to make bronze and brass. Generally Brass alloys
are not suited to high vacuum work due to the high vapor pressure of ...Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Antimony or Bismuth should not be used in an apparatus that requires heating under vacuum for purification.
Glip it and Ship it!is their motto. <
The first man made capacitor. The Leyden Jar consists of a glass jar, serving as a dielectric, coated inside and outside, not quite to the top with tin foil or other conductor. The top is fitted with a stopper through which passes a metal rod with a knob at the top, and below a metal chain extending down to the inner coating of tin foil. The jars were charged from static machines. The inventor was Cuneus, a pupil at Leiden who while experimenting charged a bottle of water with his electrical machine, he held a bottle with one hand and happened to touch the water with the other, he received a shock so unexpected and so unlike any thing he had ever felt before, that he was filled with astonishment. It was two days before he recovered from his fright. A few days afterward in a letter to a friend, the physicist innocently remarked, that he would not take another shock for the whole kingdom of France. The honor of the invention of the jar is also claimed for Kleist, Bishop of Pomerania who was the first to make known his discovery in writing. At least Cuneous was clearly the first person to be zapped by a Leyden Jar. The Frenchman Abbe Nollet passed a 'shock' from a battery of Leyden jars through a number of Carthusian monks, arranged in a circle 5400 feet in diameter and observed that they all jumped at the same time when 'shocked'. (Allowing for differences in their sizes and age).
In 1749 Ben Franklin wrote from Philadelphia to Peter Collinson at London, as follows:
"Chagrined a little that we have hitherto been able to produce nothing in this way of use to mankind, and the hot weather coming on, when electrocal experiments are not so agreeable, it is proposed to put an end to them for this esason, somewhat humorously, in a party of pleasure on the banks of the Skuyikil.
Spirits, at the same time are to be fired by a spark sent from side to side through the river, without any other conductor than the water; an experiment which we some time since performed, to the amazement of many. A turkey is to be killed for our dinner by the Electrical Shock, and roasted by the Electrical Jack before a fire kindled by the electrical bottle (Leyden Jar); when the healths of all the famous electricians in England, Holland, France and Germany are to be drank in Electrified Bumpers under the discharge of guns from the Electrical Battery"
Galileo's discoverery the isochronism of the pendulum, that is that the period of oscillation is due to it's length and not it's displacement. If you swing a pendulum just a little or a lot, the period of time it takes for one complete swing is the same. The same is true for the escape wheel in a watch, and to some degree in the crystal itself in a digital watch, the physical dimensions are the primary factors determining the frequency of oscillation. The primary limitations in pendulums and escape wheels for extremely fine accuracy is the atmosphere around them and the temperature.
General glow discharge 7-10
Beginning of Striations close spaced 1-1.5
Striations 1 mm apart .5
Crooke's dark space 2.5 mm long .55
Crooke's dark space 20 mm long .05
Fluorescence .01-.001
No visible discharge Less than .001
1/2 inch tube 4" long. Spark coil with 1/2 spark in air.
